Oscar

Chapter 3 Summary pgs 25-26 questions 1-9  1. In covalent bonds the electrons are: C - shared 2. The atoms in a molecule of hydrogen are joined together by: C - covalent bonds 3. All of these molecules contain a double bond except: B - oxygen 4. Which of the following statements is/are true? C - Statement IV is true 5. The diagram below shows: B - metallic bonding 6. When water boils, there are bubbles of a gas in the liquid and vapour escapes into the air. a. What is inside the bubbles? Explain your answer. Inside the bubbles there's water vapour, or water as a gas. Since boiling doesn't boil all of the water in one go, the place where there's most energy (the bottom of the container) will boil the water there first, making it go up to the top of the water, and then out into the open air. b. What is in the vapour? How can you prove it? See answer to part a. c. What is meant by change of state? Change of state is when a molecule goes between the different states solid liquid and gas. d.The molecules in water are small but the boiling points are high. Why is this? The boiling point of water is high because the intermolecular forces are strong, and it takes a lot of energy to break them. 8. Copy and paste the following table: 9. Use the data in he following table to answer the questions. a. Which substance will boil first as you warm it up from a temperature of -273°C (absolute zero)? Hydrogen will boil first because it's boiling point is -273°C.
 * ~ Particle ||~ Number of protons ||~ Number of electrons ||
 * Hydrogen atom || 1 || 1 ||
 * Hydrogen ion ||  ||   ||
 * Chlorine atom || 17 || 17 ||
 * Chloride ion ||  ||   ||
 * Sodium ion ||  ||   ||

  Chapter 3 Questions pgs 16-24 questions 1-9 (not chapter summary) 1. a. A single bond has two electrons. b. A double bond has 4 electrons. 2. The electrons in noble gases have full outer shells, meaning that another atom cannot come and bond because there's no more space. 3. 4. Ionic bonding is when a group of electrons transfer from one atom to another, creating ions. In covalent bonds, the electrons are shared between two atoms. 5. a. An anion is a negative ion. b. A cation is a positive ion. 6. 7. I couldn't find the answer in the text. 8. Magnesium has a higher melting point than sodium because it has more outer electrons to delocalise, so it requires a higher temperature to delocalise all of them. 9. Intermolecular forces are the forces of of attraction between molecules. If the intermolecular force of the molecule is very weak, as in hydrogen, it needs very little energy to melt: -253°C. If the intermolecular force is strong, such as in sugar, it requires quite a lot of energy to melt: 185°C.       media type="custom" key="7228603"     <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;"> <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;"> <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;"> <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;"> <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Chapter 2 Questions 1-5 pgs 10-14 & 1-9 pg 15 <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;"> 1. ﻿a. To condense something is to turn it from a gas to a liquid b. To sublime something is to turn it straight from a solid to a gas c. To melt something is to turn it from a solid to a liquid 2. To freeze is to turn a substance from a liquid to a solid and to melt is to turn a substance from a solid to a liquid 3. You could heat it up, and the iodine will turn to a gas, whilst the sand won't go the whole way 4. Osmosis is when two solutions are mixed with water, and they slowly become concentrated 5. Brownian motion is a theory that describes how you can see that particles are moving

1. A - Particles are closest together in solids 2. C - When a solid turns straight into a gas it is called sublimation 3. D - The opposite of evaporating is condensing 4. C - These statements are correct 5. C - In this experiment, the lighter gas particles stay still 6. a. Diffusion is that all gases spread out, unlike, liquids that will still stay at the bottom of the container b. When an aerosol is sprayed in a closed room, the particles will spread out, making the whole room smell of perfume, and not just the little bit where it was originally sprayed c. To measure the diffusion of food dye in water, you could see how long time it takes for the whole of the water to become the colour of the dye 7. a. I don't really understand it b. I don't really understand it 8. Don't really understand either 9. a+b c. If you removed the lids of the bottles at the same time, the Hydrogen one will expand faster than the others because it has a much lesser mass
 * ~ Name ||~ Formula ||~ Mass ||~ Order of diffusion ||
 * Ammonia || NH3 || 17 || Second ||
 * Carbon Dioxide || CO2 || 44 || Third ||
 * Hydrogen || H2 || 2 || First ||

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;"> <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> Chapter one Summary - Questions 1-17 on pages 8-9 due Thursday, 30th September, 2010


 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">D
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">B
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">A
 * 5) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">C
 * 6) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">i.


 * **Protons** || **Neutrons** || **Electrons** ||

> <span style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">|| Relative Charge: +1 || Relative Charge: 0 || Relative Charge: -1 || > <span style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">|| Relative Mass: 1 || Relative Mass: 1 || Relative Mass: 1/1836 || ii. An atom that has 11 protons also has 11 electrons > <span style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">iii. An atom that has 11 protons and 12 neutrons has a mass of 23 > <span style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">iv. You would find this element in group 5 7 i. 2,8,18 iii. 3 & 11 8 i. a. 6p 6n 6e b. 6p 8n 6e iv. they react the same 9 i. because the two main isotopes are 79 and 81, scientists add the two numbers, and then divide by two, giving the most average isotope 10 i. The numbers 2.8.8 are important because they are the amount of electrons that can go each "ring" 11 i. Radioisotopes are used to kill cancer cells ii. Surgery could be both better and worse in this case, because if you have brain cancer, it would be much safer trying to kill the cancer cells with radioactivity than having a doctor putting a stick in your head iii. There are strict rules about the use of radioactive materials because they can easily kill cells if let loose in the environment iv. Carbon dating is good, because it can be used to tell how old an item is, for example a rock or an old bone
 * 1) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">ii. It is not an ordinary atom because it has less electrons than protons.
 * 2) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">iii. a. The mass of this particle is 23
 * 3) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">b. The overall charge is positive
 * 4) <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">c. You would find more of these atoms in group one than any other group

12. i. Fluorine has an atomic number of 9 ii. The mass number is the weight that one atom is, not including the effects of gravity. It is the amount of protons and the number of neutrons put together iii. Fluorine has 9 protons, 10 neutrons and 9 electrons iv. 13. i. P:26 N:30 E:26 ii. P:41 N:52 E:41 iii. P:92 N:143 E:92 14. i. Isotopes are when the number of neutrons in an atom vary slightly ii. P:17 N:35 E:17 P:17 N:37 E:17 iii. The electrons stay the same 15. i ii  iii

16. i. arsenic has 5 electrons in its outer energy level ii. Bromine has 7 electrons in its outer energy level iii. Tin has 4 electrons in its outer energy level iv. Xenon doesn't have any electrons in its outer energy level 17. i Structures A and F are in group four of the periodic table ii. Structure A represents carbon iii. Structure C represents an element in group seven in the periodic table iv. Structure B represents a noble gas v. Element E is Calcium vi. Element F has 82 protons, making it be Lead  <span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;"> Questions 1-10 Chapter one Chemistry

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;"> Can I hit a baseball better with a wooden bat or an aluminium bat?
 * 1) In atoms we find the three particles, Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
 * 2) The atomic number of an atom is how many protons there are in it. For example, Lithium has the atomic number three, so it has three protons in it.
 * 3) The mass number of an atom is the number of protons + the number of neutrons. For example, since Lithium has a mass number of 7 and we know it has the atomic number of 3 that means it must have 4 neutrons.
 * 4) An element that is found as isotopes is carbon
 * 5) Yes, in chemical reactions, isotopes change, because carbon has nuclear reactions to give it a more stable form.
 * 6) The isotope carbon-14 has nuclear reactions, which makes it unique
 * 7) Radioactive isotopes are used to kill cancer cells
 * 8) The elements in group 0 have 0 electrons
 * 9) Noble gases are unreactive because they have a full outer shell of electrons
 * 1) Noble gases are unreactive because they have a full outer shell of electrons

Most modern professional baseball players play with wooden bats instead of the more modern aluminium selection. Now why is this? I think that an aluminium bat will hit a ball further than a wooden one, therefor not allowing them in the professional stage of the sport, making it too easy to score a home run. I will now create an experiment that will show if an aluminium bat will hit a baseball further than a wooden one.

Hypothesis: I think that an aluminium will hit a baseball further than a wooden bat because all of the force isn’t absorbed in the thickness of the wood, but because an aluminium bat is hollow, all of the force will be directed towards the ball.

IV: Type of bat DV: Distance ball traveled

Variables: Speed at which ball is traveling must be consistent, weather can affect the balls velocity (wind), bats should be the same length, same person hitting the ball (no point having a big person hit the aluminium bat and a small person hit with the wooden bat), always use the same type of ball.

Experimental Group: The aluminium bat Control Group: The wooden bat

Materials:
 * 1) One wooden baseball bat
 * 2) One aluminium baseball bat
 * 3) 40 baseballs (all same type)
 * 4) A ball cannon
 * 5) A good baseball player
 * 6) An indoor virtual driving range
 * 7) Food and Drink
 * 8) One day

Method:
 * 1) Collect all of your materials
 * 2) Use the food and drink to make your player comfortable and happy
 * 3) Put 20 balls in the ball cannon and line it up next to the net at the driving range
 * 4) Get your player to pick up the wooden bat and take him to the range
 * 5) Put the player so he is facing the range and tell him that the balls will be coming every 10 seconds
 * 6) Set up the cannon so that it fires balls every ten seconds until the 20 have run out
 * 7) Repeat step three
 * 8) Now give the player the aluminium bat
 * 9) Fire the balls
 * 10) Now look at the data recorded by the range and see which bat hit the balls further
 * 11) Write down the information in the table below
 * 12) Finally, pack up all of your materials and leave the range as you found it


 * **Aluminium Bat (Distance - m)** || **Wooden Bat (Distance - m)** ||

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 24px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">The Scientific Method

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">The scientific method is a method that people use when they are making an experiment. It helps to keep things organized and not all jumbled up. It also makes comparing different experiments easier, because they are all in the same format. So then, who invented this method that is so widespread today? Well, no one really invented the scientific method, it just developed over time. Many people have traced the method back to ancient Greeks, Arabs, Spaniards, and others. Roger Bacon started describing a repeating cycle of observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and verification, just like the modern scientific method. Good definiton of the scientific Method. Good explanation of "who invented the Scientific Method"

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">The steps of the scientific method are: Define/Identify the problem - Ask a question, what is the problem? how can it be solved? Research on tips on how to solve the problem. Form a Hypothesis - Write down what you think will happen when you do the experiment. Design the experiment - Think about different options, also are you going to include a control group? Include materials, steps in the procedure. Conduct the experiment - Now its time to get cracking! Collect and record data, and don’t forget any of the steps. Compare and conclude the data - Does the data collected match your hypothesis? Did anything unexpected happen? Very Good explanation of each Step of the scientific Method

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">After looking at different websites, I realised that they are mostly the same, but some of them have some minor changes. For example, the one at Science Fair Central gives a bit more detail, and breaks some of the steps up to make it easier to understand. What I like about the Biology4Kids site, is that it encourages you to retest the experiment if it didn’t work at all as planned.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">Scientists use the scientific method because it is the best way to get as accurate results as possible, and it is easy to remember what was done during the experiment because it is all recorded. Scientists also use the scientific method because it is written in a format that all other scientists will recognize, and they can easily skim through it to find vital information to compare with their own experiment.

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">I use the scientific method at home without realizing it when I am cooking. First I gather information (the cookbook), then I think what will happen (it will taste nice(I hope)), then I gather the ingredients, after that I go through the procedure (making it), and finally I analyze the results (did it taste good? Was everyone happy?)

<span style="display: block; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">To conclude, the scientific method is used by just about everyone in the world, most of them not even realizing that they are using it. The scientific method is very useful to scientists galore, and now you should know exactly how to use it.

Marcela Soto- Awesome Job :)

- Ella. Very good work (: - Did not find mistakes so far… (: Joshua: exclent job. Excellent job Oscar !!!!! i have not found any mistakes so far either :) .- Taylor Good !

<span style="color: #001ba6; display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin: 0px;">Sources: <span style="color: #001ba6; display: block; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; letter-spacing: 0px; margin: 0px;">__[|http://www.scientificmethod.com/sm5_smhistory.html]__ http://www.biology4kids.com/files/studies_scimethod.html

http://school.discoveryeducation.com/sciencefaircentral/Getting-Started/Investigation.html http://scifiles.larc.nasa.gov/text/kids/Research_Rack/tools/scientific_method.html http://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/phy_labs/AppendixE/AppendixE.html http://sciencebuddies.com/science-fair-projects/project_scientific_method.shtml